1. What was Wilson's 14th Point?
Wilson's plan for world peace. The first five points of his speech to promote world peace was:
-there should be no secret treaties among nations
-freedom of the seas should be maintained for all
-tariffs and other economic barriers among nations should be lowered or abolished in order to foster free trade
-arms should be reduced "to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety, thus lessening the possibility of military responses." during diplomatic crises.
-colonial policies should consider the interests of the colonials peoples as well as the interests of the imperialist powers.
The next eight points dealt with boundary changes. Groups that claimed distinctive ethnic identities were to form their own nation-states or decided for themselves as to what nation they belong to. The fourteenth point called for the creation of an international organization to address diplomatic crises like those that have sparked the war.
2. What terms of the treaty specifically affected Germany?
The treated barred Germany from maintaining an army. It also required Germany to return the region of Alsace-Lorraine to France and to pay reparations or war damages to the allies costing them 33 billion dollars.
3. What were the weaknesses of the treaty?
The weaknesses of the treaty were that it didn't provide a lasting peace in Europe since the treatment of Germany was not so great. The treaty humiliated Germany, it contained a war-guilt clause forcing Germany to admit sole responsibility for the War. Germany was stripped of its colonial possessions in the Pacific. Germany also did not have the money to pay back the reparations.
4. Why did Henry Cabot Lodge object to the treaty?
Henry Cabot Lodge objected to the treaty because he believed that the League threatened the U.S. foreign policy of isolationism. He was also very suspicious of the provision for joint economic and military action against aggression. He like many others wanted the constitutional right of Congress to declare war included in the treaty.
5. How did Wilson help bring about the Senate's rejection of the treaty?
Wilson set out on an 8000 mile tour. He delivered 34 speeches in about 3 weeks arguing that the United States should join the League of Nations.
6. What circumstances at this time would eventually lead many Germans to support Adolf Hitler?
After the treaty of Versailles Germany was humiliated, and many Europeans still longed to fight. Adolf Hitler in his writing showed a lot of desire vengeance against America for making Germany take the blame for World War 1. This of course caught the attention of many Germans and lead them to support him.
7. Who is George Clemenceau?
The French premier that had lived through two German invasions in France and was determined to prevent further invasions.
8. Who is David Lloyd George?
British prime minister who was known for his slogan "Make Germany Pay!" He wanted control of Austrian-held territory.
9. Describe the participation of Russia at the peace conference.
Russia was excluded from the peace conference so they weren't able to express their opinions about the treaty. This hurt them because they lost a lot of land which made them vengeful also.
Tuesday, December 15, 2009
Thursday, December 10, 2009
WWI - The War at Home
1. War Industries Board
-Commanded companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency and they made the companies produce less waste by standardizing products. They overall increased industry production by 20%
2. Railroad Administration
-Controlled the railroads in the United States
3. Fuel Administration
-Took control on how much gasoline coal and oil was being supplied. Also they introduced day-light savings time influencing enough people to have "gasless sundays" and "lightness nights" to conserve energy
4. National War Labor Board
-Made to stop riots. It improved working conditions, lessened the work day to e8 hours, made it so work places were inspected, and helped stop child labor.
5. Food Administration
-Helped produce and conserve food. Because there was a lack of foods. Restaurants would remove the bowls of sugar they had and served bread only after the meal. Many people also began growing their own gardens. Hoover placed high prices on wheat and other likable foods which in return made farmers buy more land an overall improved their income by 30%.
6. Committee on Public Information
- Brought patriotism, and influence alot of people, by using propaganda, about the positive aspects of war.
7. Espionage and Sedition Acts
-Put fines against anyone who boycotted against the war effort or tried to impede it. Also the act put people in jail for horrific actions against non native-born Americans.
George Creel is a significant historical figure because he used propaganda to his advantage very successfully. He told people to make brochures, posters, paintings and much more that all contributed to influencing the people tremendously.
Bernard M. Baruch is also a significant historical figure because he helped make the War Industries Board successful by conserving resources. He showed people that they must conserve oil, gasoline, and other forms of energy.
-Commanded companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency and they made the companies produce less waste by standardizing products. They overall increased industry production by 20%
2. Railroad Administration
-Controlled the railroads in the United States
3. Fuel Administration
-Took control on how much gasoline coal and oil was being supplied. Also they introduced day-light savings time influencing enough people to have "gasless sundays" and "lightness nights" to conserve energy
4. National War Labor Board
-Made to stop riots. It improved working conditions, lessened the work day to e8 hours, made it so work places were inspected, and helped stop child labor.
5. Food Administration
-Helped produce and conserve food. Because there was a lack of foods. Restaurants would remove the bowls of sugar they had and served bread only after the meal. Many people also began growing their own gardens. Hoover placed high prices on wheat and other likable foods which in return made farmers buy more land an overall improved their income by 30%.
6. Committee on Public Information
- Brought patriotism, and influence alot of people, by using propaganda, about the positive aspects of war.
7. Espionage and Sedition Acts
-Put fines against anyone who boycotted against the war effort or tried to impede it. Also the act put people in jail for horrific actions against non native-born Americans.
George Creel is a significant historical figure because he used propaganda to his advantage very successfully. He told people to make brochures, posters, paintings and much more that all contributed to influencing the people tremendously.
Bernard M. Baruch is also a significant historical figure because he helped make the War Industries Board successful by conserving resources. He showed people that they must conserve oil, gasoline, and other forms of energy.
Thursday, December 3, 2009
The U.S. enters World War I
1. How did the United States raise an army?
The United States raised an army by passing the Selective Service Act. This act called for men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service. 24 million were registered, about 3 million called for the war.
2. How did U.S. soldiers help win the war?
U.S. soldiers helped with the war by convincing Britian to create the convoy system. In which a heavy guard of destroyers escorted merchant ships back and forth across the Atlantic in groups. This also made it possible to lay a 230 mile barrier of mines across the North sea from Scotland to Norway. The convoy system was a huge success.
3. What were the estimated economic costs of the war?
The estimated costs of the war was $338 billion.
4. What did the war cost in terms of the number of civilian deaths; military deaths?; injuries?; and refugees?
The war cost the total death count around 22 million,
more than half were civilians. 20 million wounded, 10 million becoming refugees. 48 thousand men in battle were lost, 62 thousand men dying of disease, and more than 200 thousand were left wounded.
5. Define armistice.
A truce where two sides come to the agreement to stop fighting.
The United States raised an army by passing the Selective Service Act. This act called for men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service. 24 million were registered, about 3 million called for the war.
2. How did U.S. soldiers help win the war?
U.S. soldiers helped with the war by convincing Britian to create the convoy system. In which a heavy guard of destroyers escorted merchant ships back and forth across the Atlantic in groups. This also made it possible to lay a 230 mile barrier of mines across the North sea from Scotland to Norway. The convoy system was a huge success.
3. What were the estimated economic costs of the war?
The estimated costs of the war was $338 billion.
4. What did the war cost in terms of the number of civilian deaths; military deaths?; injuries?; and refugees?
The war cost the total death count around 22 million,
more than half were civilians. 20 million wounded, 10 million becoming refugees. 48 thousand men in battle were lost, 62 thousand men dying of disease, and more than 200 thousand were left wounded.
5. Define armistice.
A truce where two sides come to the agreement to stop fighting.
Tuesday, December 1, 2009
World War I Begins
1. Militarism: (Germany had built a strong army which intrigued other countries to follow in their footsteps)
System of Alliances: (countries were joining together, which angered other countries after another which sparked a war fever)
Imperialism: (the desire for land overseas between all different countries, for example powerful nations, like Germany and
France wanted to control and take other colonies for manufactured goods )
Nationalism: (numerous countries and ethnic groups thought their country was superior for example the Slavs in Serbia)
2. The June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand became the spark for WWI because Austria-Hungry then declared war on Serbia since that was their heir. Germany then declared war against Russia, then france invaded Belgium so Britian declared was on them also. It overall created a huge outrage between all countries and one thing let to another.
3. Within the first few months of fighting a plan was formed called the Schlieffen Plan. This plan called for a holding action against Russia, combined with a quick drive through Belgium to Paris. After France had fallen the two German armies would have defeat Russia. However as Germany invaded Belgium the civilians were absolutely terrified which created a crisis. This led to the trench warfare with the result of numerous casualties and a lot of dead bodies.
4. The United States wanted to stay out of the war because they didn't see the point in traveling far for a war that would do them no benefit. They did not want their young men to be exposed to the horrific scenes of warfare. And also the public opinion was completely divided.
5. Naturalized citizens: had already left the countries that were in the war.
Socialists: criticized the war as a capitalist and imperialist struggle between Germany and England to control markets and colonies in China, Africa, and the Middle East.
Pacifists: believed that war was evil and that the U.S. should set an example of peace to the world.
Parents: didn't want their boys to be exposed to the horrific scenes of the war, and of course drafted and killed.
6. Germany responded to the British naval blockade of Germany's posts by stating that any British or Allied boat found in the waters around Britian would be suck. The people of the U.S. were outraged and quickly turned against Germany and the central powers.
7. What forced the United States into the war?
The United States was forced into war because the British intercepted the Zimmermann Note from the Germans going to Mexico. This note said said that if a war broke out against the U.S., they would support Mexico. Germany also had sank four unarmed, merchant, U.S. ships that claimed 36 United States lives.
System of Alliances: (countries were joining together, which angered other countries after another which sparked a war fever)
Imperialism: (the desire for land overseas between all different countries, for example powerful nations, like Germany and
France wanted to control and take other colonies for manufactured goods )
Nationalism: (numerous countries and ethnic groups thought their country was superior for example the Slavs in Serbia)
2. The June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand became the spark for WWI because Austria-Hungry then declared war on Serbia since that was their heir. Germany then declared war against Russia, then france invaded Belgium so Britian declared was on them also. It overall created a huge outrage between all countries and one thing let to another.
3. Within the first few months of fighting a plan was formed called the Schlieffen Plan. This plan called for a holding action against Russia, combined with a quick drive through Belgium to Paris. After France had fallen the two German armies would have defeat Russia. However as Germany invaded Belgium the civilians were absolutely terrified which created a crisis. This led to the trench warfare with the result of numerous casualties and a lot of dead bodies.
4. The United States wanted to stay out of the war because they didn't see the point in traveling far for a war that would do them no benefit. They did not want their young men to be exposed to the horrific scenes of warfare. And also the public opinion was completely divided.
5. Naturalized citizens: had already left the countries that were in the war.
Socialists: criticized the war as a capitalist and imperialist struggle between Germany and England to control markets and colonies in China, Africa, and the Middle East.
Pacifists: believed that war was evil and that the U.S. should set an example of peace to the world.
Parents: didn't want their boys to be exposed to the horrific scenes of the war, and of course drafted and killed.
6. Germany responded to the British naval blockade of Germany's posts by stating that any British or Allied boat found in the waters around Britian would be suck. The people of the U.S. were outraged and quickly turned against Germany and the central powers.
7. What forced the United States into the war?
The United States was forced into war because the British intercepted the Zimmermann Note from the Germans going to Mexico. This note said said that if a war broke out against the U.S., they would support Mexico. Germany also had sank four unarmed, merchant, U.S. ships that claimed 36 United States lives.
Monday, November 16, 2009
America as a World Power
1. What role did President Roosevelt play in ending the Russo-Japanese War?
President Roosevelt was looked as the "peace maker" in the ending of the Russo-Japanese War. Japan secretly met with President Roosevelt and asked him to meditate peace negotiations which is what he exactly did. He was able to persuade Japan to except half the island and forgo the cash payment when primarily they wanted Sakhalin Island as a whole. Roosevelt was able to leave both the Russians and Japanese happy, and his efforts won him the Noble- Peace Prize in 1906.
2. What events led to the building of the Panama Canal? What happened regarding Columbia? (Be specific)
Many Americans felt the need of a canal to reduce travel time for commercial and military ships by providing a shortcut between the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean. America before building the canal, needed to chose a route for building it. Between the two possible routes Panama (a province of Columbia) was best. But America before they could begin working on the Canal had to get permission from Columbia first.
3. What did the Roosevelt Corollary state?
It stated that the United States would now use force to protect its economic interests in Latin America.
4. How did Taft use Dollar Diplomacy to enforce the Roosevelt Colollary on Nicaragua? (Be specfic)
When a 1911 rebellion in Nicaragua left the nation in near bankruptcy President William H. Taft, arranged for American bankers to loan Nicaragua enough money to pay its debts. In return the bankers were given the right to recover their money by collecting Nicaragua's customs duties. This policy was known as the Dollar Diplomacy, and this is how Taft used it to enforce the Roosevelt Colollary on Nicaragua.
5. Why did Woodrow Wilson invade Mexico?
Woodrow Wilson claimed that the United States had a moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests. Immediately the Mexican Revolution put his policy to the test. In 1911 Mexican peasants and workers led by Francisco Madero overthrew Diaz (their military dictator) After 2 years General Huerta took over. Wilson referred to the government that Huerta formed as "a government of butchers." In 1914 April, when one of Huerta's officers arrested a small group of America sailors, the Mexicans quickly released them and apologized. But Wilson used this incident as an excuse to intervene Mexico. At least 200 Mexicans died during the invasion.
6. What were three major foriegn policy goals achieved by the United States in the early 20th century. Be sure to provide an example or two of each.
-Expanded its access to foreign markets in order to ensure the continued growth of the domestic economy. (ex. Panama Canal)
-The U.S. built a modern navy to protect its interest abroad.
-The U.S. exercised its international power to ensure dominance in Latin America. (ex. Roosevelt Colollary)
President Roosevelt was looked as the "peace maker" in the ending of the Russo-Japanese War. Japan secretly met with President Roosevelt and asked him to meditate peace negotiations which is what he exactly did. He was able to persuade Japan to except half the island and forgo the cash payment when primarily they wanted Sakhalin Island as a whole. Roosevelt was able to leave both the Russians and Japanese happy, and his efforts won him the Noble- Peace Prize in 1906.
2. What events led to the building of the Panama Canal? What happened regarding Columbia? (Be specific)
Many Americans felt the need of a canal to reduce travel time for commercial and military ships by providing a shortcut between the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean. America before building the canal, needed to chose a route for building it. Between the two possible routes Panama (a province of Columbia) was best. But America before they could begin working on the Canal had to get permission from Columbia first.
3. What did the Roosevelt Corollary state?
It stated that the United States would now use force to protect its economic interests in Latin America.
4. How did Taft use Dollar Diplomacy to enforce the Roosevelt Colollary on Nicaragua? (Be specfic)
When a 1911 rebellion in Nicaragua left the nation in near bankruptcy President William H. Taft, arranged for American bankers to loan Nicaragua enough money to pay its debts. In return the bankers were given the right to recover their money by collecting Nicaragua's customs duties. This policy was known as the Dollar Diplomacy, and this is how Taft used it to enforce the Roosevelt Colollary on Nicaragua.
5. Why did Woodrow Wilson invade Mexico?
Woodrow Wilson claimed that the United States had a moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests. Immediately the Mexican Revolution put his policy to the test. In 1911 Mexican peasants and workers led by Francisco Madero overthrew Diaz (their military dictator) After 2 years General Huerta took over. Wilson referred to the government that Huerta formed as "a government of butchers." In 1914 April, when one of Huerta's officers arrested a small group of America sailors, the Mexicans quickly released them and apologized. But Wilson used this incident as an excuse to intervene Mexico. At least 200 Mexicans died during the invasion.
6. What were three major foriegn policy goals achieved by the United States in the early 20th century. Be sure to provide an example or two of each.
-Expanded its access to foreign markets in order to ensure the continued growth of the domestic economy. (ex. Panama Canal)
-The U.S. built a modern navy to protect its interest abroad.
-The U.S. exercised its international power to ensure dominance in Latin America. (ex. Roosevelt Colollary)
Wednesday, November 4, 2009
Imperialism's Bitter Fruit
1. After the Spanish were forced out of the Philippines, why did fighting break out between American and Filipino forces?
a. After the Spanish were forced out of the Philippines, fighting started to break out between the American and Filipino forces because tension between the U.S. and Filipino forces was building. The Filipino's had believed that they would be granted independence after the departure of Spanish. But the U.S. troops had orders to establish control over the islands. There also was a shooting accident between an American soldier and a Filipino, where the American soldier shot and killed the Filipino. Later after this incident fighting had spread around the area Manila. The Filipino's believed that they were fighting for their independence.
How was this a different kind of warfare for American forces?
b. This was a different kind of warfare for American forces because unlike any other conflict that the U.S. had been in, there was no confronting an organized army, U.S. soldiers had faced a quick-striking guerrilla movement. Both the U.S. and Filipinos tortured their prisoners and killed them in many gruesome different ways.
2. Why were many African-Americans strong critics of the war against Filipino nationalists?
Many African-Americans were strong critics of the war against Filipino nationalists because they were discriminated against there just as they were at home. They were also extremely offended by the racist attitudes that typified the military's view of the Filipinos. Officers had enlisted Filipino's as "niggers". The African Americans also were prohibited from restaurants, barber shops, and other facilities marked, "white only."
3. Explain two reasons why the United States lost some of its enthusiasm for imperialism in the early 1900s.
a. The numerous amounts of legal questions about the status of the Philippines before The United States could annex these islands.
b. The realization of the difficulties of occupation. People, even Theodore Roosevelt, realized they weren't prepared to accept the burdens of the empire.
4. What were the positive effects of American occupation in Puerto Rico and Cuba?
The positive effects of American occupation in Puerto Rico and Cuba were that by dominating Puerto Rico they used this land as a territory. Also in Cuba, roads and telegraph lines were built, finances reorganized, schools opened, sanitation improved, and yellow fever stamped out.
5. After the Spanish-American War, the United States insisted that Cuba only receive independence after agreeing to several limitations set forth in the Platt Amendment. Four restrictions on Cuban independence set forth in the Platt Amendment were:
a. The U.S. had the right to oversee the Cuban economy
b. The U.S. had the right to exercise veto power over Cuban policy
c. The U.S. could intervene whenever necessary "for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty."
d. The United States was also allowed to build a naval base on the southeastern tip of the island at Guantanamo Bay.
Was the United States justified in making these demands? Explain your reasoning.
I don't really think that the United States was justified in making these demands. The United States took advantage of Cuba, and definitely did not need all of these benefits. I think that they got a little cocky and weren't focusing on the necessities of making their economy, and country overall better. The United States should have focused more on foreign trade, and also the people of these places that they swore they would care for.
6. Do you believe the United States was imperialist? Why or why not?
I do believed that the United States was imperialist. They had taken control of Guam, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Philippines, and also taking over Hawaii. Though the push for imperialism slowly died out, America did attempt at imperialism, and still got control of these countries that benefited them and made their economy stronger.
a. After the Spanish were forced out of the Philippines, fighting started to break out between the American and Filipino forces because tension between the U.S. and Filipino forces was building. The Filipino's had believed that they would be granted independence after the departure of Spanish. But the U.S. troops had orders to establish control over the islands. There also was a shooting accident between an American soldier and a Filipino, where the American soldier shot and killed the Filipino. Later after this incident fighting had spread around the area Manila. The Filipino's believed that they were fighting for their independence.
How was this a different kind of warfare for American forces?
b. This was a different kind of warfare for American forces because unlike any other conflict that the U.S. had been in, there was no confronting an organized army, U.S. soldiers had faced a quick-striking guerrilla movement. Both the U.S. and Filipinos tortured their prisoners and killed them in many gruesome different ways.
2. Why were many African-Americans strong critics of the war against Filipino nationalists?
Many African-Americans were strong critics of the war against Filipino nationalists because they were discriminated against there just as they were at home. They were also extremely offended by the racist attitudes that typified the military's view of the Filipinos. Officers had enlisted Filipino's as "niggers". The African Americans also were prohibited from restaurants, barber shops, and other facilities marked, "white only."
3. Explain two reasons why the United States lost some of its enthusiasm for imperialism in the early 1900s.
a. The numerous amounts of legal questions about the status of the Philippines before The United States could annex these islands.
b. The realization of the difficulties of occupation. People, even Theodore Roosevelt, realized they weren't prepared to accept the burdens of the empire.
4. What were the positive effects of American occupation in Puerto Rico and Cuba?
The positive effects of American occupation in Puerto Rico and Cuba were that by dominating Puerto Rico they used this land as a territory. Also in Cuba, roads and telegraph lines were built, finances reorganized, schools opened, sanitation improved, and yellow fever stamped out.
5. After the Spanish-American War, the United States insisted that Cuba only receive independence after agreeing to several limitations set forth in the Platt Amendment. Four restrictions on Cuban independence set forth in the Platt Amendment were:
a. The U.S. had the right to oversee the Cuban economy
b. The U.S. had the right to exercise veto power over Cuban policy
c. The U.S. could intervene whenever necessary "for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty."
d. The United States was also allowed to build a naval base on the southeastern tip of the island at Guantanamo Bay.
Was the United States justified in making these demands? Explain your reasoning.
I don't really think that the United States was justified in making these demands. The United States took advantage of Cuba, and definitely did not need all of these benefits. I think that they got a little cocky and weren't focusing on the necessities of making their economy, and country overall better. The United States should have focused more on foreign trade, and also the people of these places that they swore they would care for.
6. Do you believe the United States was imperialist? Why or why not?
I do believed that the United States was imperialist. They had taken control of Guam, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Philippines, and also taking over Hawaii. Though the push for imperialism slowly died out, America did attempt at imperialism, and still got control of these countries that benefited them and made their economy stronger.
Sunday, November 1, 2009
Spanish-American War
1. What connections did the U.S. have to Cuba in the late 1800s? List at least two.
In the late 1800's the United States, Americans invested $50 million dollars in Cuba, most of it invested in the islands sugar industry. Also the Cuban American trade had reached about 100$ million.
2. What were the Spanish “reconcentration camps”?
Spanish reconcentration camps held thousands of Cubans in towns being policed by Spanish troops. These reconcentration camps lacked food, sanitation, and housing. Over 300,000 Cubans died from starvation and the spreading of disease.
3. List three reasons why the United States went to war with Spain in Cuba.
a. Yellow journalism causing American citizens to pity the Cubans.
b. The de Lôme Letter greatly insulted president McKinely
c. The U.S.S Marine explosion gave the U.S. an excuse to start a war against Spain
4. Which do you believe was the most important reason? Why?
I think the explosion of the U.S.S Marine was the most important because that was the overall reason, or excuse, for the Americans to call a war against Spain, blaming Spaniards for the explosion.
5. What did the Teller Amendment say?
The teller amendment said that the United States had no interest in asserting, sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control, over Cuba, and promised to leave the government and control of the island to its people, once peace was restored.
6. Why was a portion of the Spanish-American War fought in the Philippines?
A portion of the Spanish-American war was fought in the Philippines because the United States saw the Philippines as a useful benefit to the United Sates, providing ports in the Pacific ocean that they wanted.
7. Dewey’s victory in the Philippines sparked an outpouring of volunteers in the United States.
Dewey's triumph caused great pride in the American citizens, and many volunteered to fight in Cuba, including the Rough Riders.
8. Why did Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders want to fight in Cuba?
Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders wanted to fight in Cuba because Dewey's victory had created pride in the American citizens causing them to volunteer themselves to fight.
9. a. Why were many African-Americans eager to serve in the Spanish-American War?
Many African Americans were eager to serve in the Spanish- American War because they aw this as an opportunity to elevate the status of blacks in the United States. They hoped that their participation in the war would win the African- American community some new respect.
b. What forms of discrimination and prejudice did they encounter?
The African Americans encountered many forms of discrimination in the Spanish- American war. For example, they were denied promotion into the officer corps. Also black volunteers were not given a chance to fight in Cuba, and were discriminated against at the U.S. bases.
10. How did racism influence American perceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines? Give two examples of events where racism affected U.S. policy after the war.
a.The Americans didn't once consider that the African Americans or Asians who lived in Cuba, could be a force for progress. Very few Americans believed that the inhabitants of these islands were capable of developing stable democracies.
b. The United States ignored the Cuban rebels. Many Americans believed that the rebels, including blacks, needed guidance in managing all their affairs. As a result of this belief, American businesses went back to Cuba taking over their land, railroads, and dominating basically their entire economy.
In the late 1800's the United States, Americans invested $50 million dollars in Cuba, most of it invested in the islands sugar industry. Also the Cuban American trade had reached about 100$ million.
2. What were the Spanish “reconcentration camps”?
Spanish reconcentration camps held thousands of Cubans in towns being policed by Spanish troops. These reconcentration camps lacked food, sanitation, and housing. Over 300,000 Cubans died from starvation and the spreading of disease.
3. List three reasons why the United States went to war with Spain in Cuba.
a. Yellow journalism causing American citizens to pity the Cubans.
b. The de Lôme Letter greatly insulted president McKinely
c. The U.S.S Marine explosion gave the U.S. an excuse to start a war against Spain
4. Which do you believe was the most important reason? Why?
I think the explosion of the U.S.S Marine was the most important because that was the overall reason, or excuse, for the Americans to call a war against Spain, blaming Spaniards for the explosion.
5. What did the Teller Amendment say?
The teller amendment said that the United States had no interest in asserting, sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control, over Cuba, and promised to leave the government and control of the island to its people, once peace was restored.
6. Why was a portion of the Spanish-American War fought in the Philippines?
A portion of the Spanish-American war was fought in the Philippines because the United States saw the Philippines as a useful benefit to the United Sates, providing ports in the Pacific ocean that they wanted.
7. Dewey’s victory in the Philippines sparked an outpouring of volunteers in the United States.
Dewey's triumph caused great pride in the American citizens, and many volunteered to fight in Cuba, including the Rough Riders.
8. Why did Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders want to fight in Cuba?
Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders wanted to fight in Cuba because Dewey's victory had created pride in the American citizens causing them to volunteer themselves to fight.
9. a. Why were many African-Americans eager to serve in the Spanish-American War?
Many African Americans were eager to serve in the Spanish- American War because they aw this as an opportunity to elevate the status of blacks in the United States. They hoped that their participation in the war would win the African- American community some new respect.
b. What forms of discrimination and prejudice did they encounter?
The African Americans encountered many forms of discrimination in the Spanish- American war. For example, they were denied promotion into the officer corps. Also black volunteers were not given a chance to fight in Cuba, and were discriminated against at the U.S. bases.
10. How did racism influence American perceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines? Give two examples of events where racism affected U.S. policy after the war.
a.The Americans didn't once consider that the African Americans or Asians who lived in Cuba, could be a force for progress. Very few Americans believed that the inhabitants of these islands were capable of developing stable democracies.
b. The United States ignored the Cuban rebels. Many Americans believed that the rebels, including blacks, needed guidance in managing all their affairs. As a result of this belief, American businesses went back to Cuba taking over their land, railroads, and dominating basically their entire economy.
Thursday, October 29, 2009
Imperialism: The Origins of a Global Power
1. American plantation owners and U.S Marines toppled over Hawaii’s queen in 1893 because Hawaii would have been a huge benefit to America. They had many natural resources, very soil land that could be used, and now foreign trade could occur. Grover Cleveland saw this as absolutely absurd and thought this violating the freedom of all people. He thought it went against what America was about, independence and the rights of people being protected. I sort of do in a way agree with his beliefs, but then again I know that taking over Hawaii was overall the best decision for America. It was sad that the queen had been completely stripped of all her power, and that Hawaii had no choice in maintaining their independence, but it overall was a smart move of America.
2. Five important changes that transformed America in the nineteeth century were:
Urban Growth: Made the United States stronger economically
Immigrants: the vast amount of immigrants immigrating to America for jobs, and hoping to escape the poor treatment of their own country’s.
Concept of the Frontier: Made the United States stronger,
Expanding West/Imperialism: gave America more political power, and natural resources.
Trade: made the United States grow massively economically, United States also made a lot of money off this.
3. At this time two railroad companies had gone bankrupt which left other companies in the same situation since they couldn’t transport the goods, which prevented any selling and profit from happening. Laborers and farmers were most effected by this, leaving them with no jobs, and no money to support their families. This definitely deepened the divisions in American society, leaving many laborers going on strike.
4. The values that many Americans attached to the frontier was, bravery, boldness, patriotism and individualism. Many Americans feared that closing the frontier would harm America’s national character, because they believed that America had reached it’s physical limits, and was overall running out of the necessity of resources and space.
5. Some Americans suggested greater involvement overseas because there were many other country’s to take into the U.S that would bring in even more money and power to America. For example China’s trade was very successful and if the U.S. was able to gain control of the Chinese trade they would be making even more money and it would greatly benefit America. Also rules were being made for Chinese, European, and Japanese trade.
6. The policy of expansionists sad that in order to ensure the economic success of the United States, the U.S. needed to catch up to the other big countries that were expanding themselves and bringing in tons of money. The Imperialists said that America should take over countries to make territories, this way there would be more resources.
7. The theories of social Darwinism and scientific racism lended support to the cause of American imperialism because, social Darwinism first was the belief that the strongest will survive and the weakest will not, basically survial of the fittest. Also that it’s the poor’s fault that they are poor, because they’re “lazy”. This relates to imperialism since the smaller weaker countries would be taken over by bigger stronger ones and have no say in it all. For example, America taking Hawaii. Hawaii was a weak country and could not overcome America. Scientific racism supported the cause of American imperialism because if a person was of a different ethnic group they could or could not expand.
8. Many Protestant churches say that America’s role in the world was to send missionaries all over the world.
9. The United became involved in several Latin American nations in the nineteenth century because America wanted to ‘civilize them’ and kind of more, ‘americanize’ them. They became more involved in Samoa, Hawaii and other Latin American nations so that they could obtain the land and gain more power/money, also because other big countries were looking to control these lands also.
10. The United States was concerned about British involvement in Venezuela because they didn’t want European countries to think that they could divide up the Latin America for other colonies, and leave America out. Richard Olney used the Monroe Doctrine in response.
2. Five important changes that transformed America in the nineteeth century were:
Urban Growth: Made the United States stronger economically
Immigrants: the vast amount of immigrants immigrating to America for jobs, and hoping to escape the poor treatment of their own country’s.
Concept of the Frontier: Made the United States stronger,
Expanding West/Imperialism: gave America more political power, and natural resources.
Trade: made the United States grow massively economically, United States also made a lot of money off this.
3. At this time two railroad companies had gone bankrupt which left other companies in the same situation since they couldn’t transport the goods, which prevented any selling and profit from happening. Laborers and farmers were most effected by this, leaving them with no jobs, and no money to support their families. This definitely deepened the divisions in American society, leaving many laborers going on strike.
4. The values that many Americans attached to the frontier was, bravery, boldness, patriotism and individualism. Many Americans feared that closing the frontier would harm America’s national character, because they believed that America had reached it’s physical limits, and was overall running out of the necessity of resources and space.
5. Some Americans suggested greater involvement overseas because there were many other country’s to take into the U.S that would bring in even more money and power to America. For example China’s trade was very successful and if the U.S. was able to gain control of the Chinese trade they would be making even more money and it would greatly benefit America. Also rules were being made for Chinese, European, and Japanese trade.
6. The policy of expansionists sad that in order to ensure the economic success of the United States, the U.S. needed to catch up to the other big countries that were expanding themselves and bringing in tons of money. The Imperialists said that America should take over countries to make territories, this way there would be more resources.
7. The theories of social Darwinism and scientific racism lended support to the cause of American imperialism because, social Darwinism first was the belief that the strongest will survive and the weakest will not, basically survial of the fittest. Also that it’s the poor’s fault that they are poor, because they’re “lazy”. This relates to imperialism since the smaller weaker countries would be taken over by bigger stronger ones and have no say in it all. For example, America taking Hawaii. Hawaii was a weak country and could not overcome America. Scientific racism supported the cause of American imperialism because if a person was of a different ethnic group they could or could not expand.
8. Many Protestant churches say that America’s role in the world was to send missionaries all over the world.
9. The United became involved in several Latin American nations in the nineteenth century because America wanted to ‘civilize them’ and kind of more, ‘americanize’ them. They became more involved in Samoa, Hawaii and other Latin American nations so that they could obtain the land and gain more power/money, also because other big countries were looking to control these lands also.
10. The United States was concerned about British involvement in Venezuela because they didn’t want European countries to think that they could divide up the Latin America for other colonies, and leave America out. Richard Olney used the Monroe Doctrine in response.
Sunday, October 25, 2009
Spanish-American War (1898)
Causes: How did each of the following help to cause the outbreak of the Spanish-American War?
1. American business owners: wanted the US to support Spain in order to protect their investments. This split the US in half and caused arguments and disagreements.
2. José Martí: organized Cuban resistance against Spain, campaigning and destroying property. Such as american owned sugar mills and plantations. This only angered Spain even more if they weren't enough.
3. Valeriano Weyler: Trying to destroy rebellion, he brought together the entire population of western and central Cuba into concentration camps. About 300,000 Cubans were in these camps, and thousands died from hunger and disease. The death of this many definitely caused a huge outbreak, and pushed Cuba to fight back against Spain even more. His actions also led to yellow journalism.
4. Yellow journalism: These brutal and touching stories made many Americans sympathize for rebels, making them favor Cuba. Causing a war in the newspapers.
5. De Lôme letter: This private letter written by Enrique Dupuy, deeply upset the Americans. The letter from the Spanish minister bashed president McKinley which caused most of America to not favor Spain. This also led to the U.S.S. Maine.
6. U.S.S. Maine: These boats were exploded apparently by Spain, since they were angry that because of the De Lome letter, America was not in favor for Cuba, and deeply resented Spain.
Effects: What happened to each of the following territories as a result of the Spanish-American War?
7. Cuba: were freed from Cuba
8. Puerto Rico: now belonged to the United States
9. Guam: now belonged to the United States
10. Philippine Islands: sold over to the United States
1. American business owners: wanted the US to support Spain in order to protect their investments. This split the US in half and caused arguments and disagreements.
2. José Martí: organized Cuban resistance against Spain, campaigning and destroying property. Such as american owned sugar mills and plantations. This only angered Spain even more if they weren't enough.
3. Valeriano Weyler: Trying to destroy rebellion, he brought together the entire population of western and central Cuba into concentration camps. About 300,000 Cubans were in these camps, and thousands died from hunger and disease. The death of this many definitely caused a huge outbreak, and pushed Cuba to fight back against Spain even more. His actions also led to yellow journalism.
4. Yellow journalism: These brutal and touching stories made many Americans sympathize for rebels, making them favor Cuba. Causing a war in the newspapers.
5. De Lôme letter: This private letter written by Enrique Dupuy, deeply upset the Americans. The letter from the Spanish minister bashed president McKinley which caused most of America to not favor Spain. This also led to the U.S.S. Maine.
6. U.S.S. Maine: These boats were exploded apparently by Spain, since they were angry that because of the De Lome letter, America was not in favor for Cuba, and deeply resented Spain.
Effects: What happened to each of the following territories as a result of the Spanish-American War?
7. Cuba: were freed from Cuba
8. Puerto Rico: now belonged to the United States
9. Guam: now belonged to the United States
10. Philippine Islands: sold over to the United States
Friday, October 23, 2009
U.S. Imperialism Begins
1. Five factors that fueled American Imperialism were:
-desire for military strength
-thirst for new markets
-belief in cultural superiority
-wanted Pear Harbor
-manifest destiny
2. Thirst for new markets: if they obtained the land they would make a lot more money, and it would also allowed them to have foreign trade which would solve the problem of American over production.
Belief in cultural superiority: the argument that they had the right to spread the religion of Christianity and spread this religion around to others.
3. "Seward's Folly" meant in other words, "Seward's Icebox", the term used to describe William Seward's idea to buy Alaska from the Russions. They described it as his "folly" meaning foolish, because many people thought this was a ridiculous idea, but he proved them wrong soon enough.
4. Sugar plantations, controlled by America, accounted for about three-quarters of Hawaii's wealth.
6. The United States were interested in these Pacific Islands because they believed that establishing colonies overseas would make their country stronger. At this time, other nations were establishing military presences, Americans were over producting along with unemployment and economic depression in America, also the belief of social darwinism still remained. All of these factors led America to Imperialism.
-desire for military strength
-thirst for new markets
-belief in cultural superiority
-wanted Pear Harbor
-manifest destiny
2. Thirst for new markets: if they obtained the land they would make a lot more money, and it would also allowed them to have foreign trade which would solve the problem of American over production.
Belief in cultural superiority: the argument that they had the right to spread the religion of Christianity and spread this religion around to others.
3. "Seward's Folly" meant in other words, "Seward's Icebox", the term used to describe William Seward's idea to buy Alaska from the Russions. They described it as his "folly" meaning foolish, because many people thought this was a ridiculous idea, but he proved them wrong soon enough.
4. Sugar plantations, controlled by America, accounted for about three-quarters of Hawaii's wealth.
6. The United States were interested in these Pacific Islands because they believed that establishing colonies overseas would make their country stronger. At this time, other nations were establishing military presences, Americans were over producting along with unemployment and economic depression in America, also the belief of social darwinism still remained. All of these factors led America to Imperialism.
Thursday, October 15, 2009
Child Labor Reform Photographs
Photograph A:
In this photo I see a little girl, maybe around the age of nine. Her facial expression looks pretty blank and she doesn't seem to be showing any specific emotion. Considering these conditions of the photo, I can make the assumption that this girl does not have time for herself. The caption says, when the photographer asked her what her age was, she hesitated and said "I don't remember. I'm not old enough to work but do just the same." I related what she said back to her facial expression. She doesn't look happy, but not sad either, she looks just really lost. And like she had said, she doesn't even remember her age all she knows is that she needs to work regardless of it. It's really sad to think that a little girl can't even remember things like this which are so important, because she's no caught up in her job at an age this young. The caption also says, out of 50 employees there were about 10 her size. Reading this I made the conclusion that families, like the one this little girl was in, didn't have alot of money at all so they needed even the youngest ones to work in jobs that much older people were working too. From observing this photo I can conclude that Children like the one in this photo needed to grow up fast and didn't have much of a childhood.
Photograph B:
In this photograph I see five young girls. Each girl seems to be wearing torn down clothes, their hair messily thrown up. Most of them just look content, probably because they're posing for a picture, but the girl in the middle is showing an extremely strong emotion. Her face is very stern, and her eyes are wide open, she generally just looks furious. This girl is also hunched over. Her hunch I think could have alot to do with the working conditions of the places they have been working. For long hours laborers would be hunched over doing their jobs like packing meat for examples. These long hours positioned this way, would result in problems in the body like the one this little girl may have. I think the torn clothes, and stern angry facial expression from the little girl in the middle show that these small children have been worked, and they're lives must mostly be just work and theres no time for themselves.
Photograph C:
In this photo there is an extremely young looking girl standing in the middle of an unsanitary working place. She looks around the age of maybe 5 years young yet still working. The room has pieces of paper all around the floor, and many other things. This little girl also has nothing on her feet protecting her from this grimy dirty ground. The caption of this photo says: "The mills seemed full of youngsters who just 'happened in' or 'are helping their sister'." The fact that the mills were full of youngsters rather than adults just proves the point that so many people at this time were poor. Excuses were even made as to why these young children were there. People would say they just showed up one day working, or they're just helping their sister. It's all just excuses for the obsurd fact that children as young as maybe five are working in these grusome unsanitary conditions.
Photograph D:
This paper shows a boy around the age of 5 years old selling newspaper on a busy street. Theres nobody watching over the young boy, he's all alone on a street with strangers selling newspaper. The facial expression on the boy looks so helpless and sad. He's looking up at men walking by as if he's begging them to turn around and buy a newspaper from him. From looking at this photo I can conclude that this boy and his family obviously do not have any money. And everybody else in his family is so busy working wherever they do, that he needs to work on his own. This small child is on his own trying to bring in money for his family, as if he was a father.
Photograph E:
In this photo there are about 20 or so boys, and some teens, working at a coal company. There is a huge cloud of dust over them. And then a man standing in the back watching over them, holding a bar. The dust in this photo is sweltering over all the boys, this is clearly a safety hazzard. The caption of this photo says: "This dust penettrated the utmost recesses of the boy's lungs." This dust was extremely unhealthy for the boys, giving them all very hard trouble breathing. The caption also says, "A kind of slave-driver sometimes stands over the boys, prodding or kicking them to obiedience." This shows that even in these terrible conditions, if you stopped to hit your chest and cough trying to catch your breath, you would be punished. I'm guessing from this picture these boys were really worked in this coal company and had to put aside the necessities of themselves, like stopping to catch their breath.
Photograph F:
In this photo there are about 15 men. It seems to be very dark in in this environment. There are pipes everywhere and theres little room to work around and move. The men in this photo have tears and wholes in the clothes, along with dirt covering their faces and clothes. It's very crowded for this many men and it's clear that they have little room to work and it's obviously not a sanitary working environment.
Photograph G:
In this photograph there are tons of people, but the ones that stick out compared to the taller older women and men, are the extremely small children looking around the age of four. The smallest girl barley has hair, and is very short in size so looks around the smallest. There is also a little boy in the front standing on a single strip of wood balancing him about a small whole. This is very unsafe for that boy. There is clams covering the floor, and every worked are using their bare hands to do the job. This is extremely unsanitary, the men and women don't look clean or cleansy at all they're wearing torn clothes, and are working in a beat town room with little or no light.
Photograph H:
In this photo there about 7 children going off to work at 6pm on a very cold day, it says in the caption they work here till 6am in the morning. When they come home they are drenced on the way home with cold hard rain with very little clothes on.
In this photo I see a little girl, maybe around the age of nine. Her facial expression looks pretty blank and she doesn't seem to be showing any specific emotion. Considering these conditions of the photo, I can make the assumption that this girl does not have time for herself. The caption says, when the photographer asked her what her age was, she hesitated and said "I don't remember. I'm not old enough to work but do just the same." I related what she said back to her facial expression. She doesn't look happy, but not sad either, she looks just really lost. And like she had said, she doesn't even remember her age all she knows is that she needs to work regardless of it. It's really sad to think that a little girl can't even remember things like this which are so important, because she's no caught up in her job at an age this young. The caption also says, out of 50 employees there were about 10 her size. Reading this I made the conclusion that families, like the one this little girl was in, didn't have alot of money at all so they needed even the youngest ones to work in jobs that much older people were working too. From observing this photo I can conclude that Children like the one in this photo needed to grow up fast and didn't have much of a childhood.
Photograph B:
In this photograph I see five young girls. Each girl seems to be wearing torn down clothes, their hair messily thrown up. Most of them just look content, probably because they're posing for a picture, but the girl in the middle is showing an extremely strong emotion. Her face is very stern, and her eyes are wide open, she generally just looks furious. This girl is also hunched over. Her hunch I think could have alot to do with the working conditions of the places they have been working. For long hours laborers would be hunched over doing their jobs like packing meat for examples. These long hours positioned this way, would result in problems in the body like the one this little girl may have. I think the torn clothes, and stern angry facial expression from the little girl in the middle show that these small children have been worked, and they're lives must mostly be just work and theres no time for themselves.
Photograph C:
In this photo there is an extremely young looking girl standing in the middle of an unsanitary working place. She looks around the age of maybe 5 years young yet still working. The room has pieces of paper all around the floor, and many other things. This little girl also has nothing on her feet protecting her from this grimy dirty ground. The caption of this photo says: "The mills seemed full of youngsters who just 'happened in' or 'are helping their sister'." The fact that the mills were full of youngsters rather than adults just proves the point that so many people at this time were poor. Excuses were even made as to why these young children were there. People would say they just showed up one day working, or they're just helping their sister. It's all just excuses for the obsurd fact that children as young as maybe five are working in these grusome unsanitary conditions.
Photograph D:
This paper shows a boy around the age of 5 years old selling newspaper on a busy street. Theres nobody watching over the young boy, he's all alone on a street with strangers selling newspaper. The facial expression on the boy looks so helpless and sad. He's looking up at men walking by as if he's begging them to turn around and buy a newspaper from him. From looking at this photo I can conclude that this boy and his family obviously do not have any money. And everybody else in his family is so busy working wherever they do, that he needs to work on his own. This small child is on his own trying to bring in money for his family, as if he was a father.
Photograph E:
In this photo there are about 20 or so boys, and some teens, working at a coal company. There is a huge cloud of dust over them. And then a man standing in the back watching over them, holding a bar. The dust in this photo is sweltering over all the boys, this is clearly a safety hazzard. The caption of this photo says: "This dust penettrated the utmost recesses of the boy's lungs." This dust was extremely unhealthy for the boys, giving them all very hard trouble breathing. The caption also says, "A kind of slave-driver sometimes stands over the boys, prodding or kicking them to obiedience." This shows that even in these terrible conditions, if you stopped to hit your chest and cough trying to catch your breath, you would be punished. I'm guessing from this picture these boys were really worked in this coal company and had to put aside the necessities of themselves, like stopping to catch their breath.
Photograph F:
In this photo there are about 15 men. It seems to be very dark in in this environment. There are pipes everywhere and theres little room to work around and move. The men in this photo have tears and wholes in the clothes, along with dirt covering their faces and clothes. It's very crowded for this many men and it's clear that they have little room to work and it's obviously not a sanitary working environment.
Photograph G:
In this photograph there are tons of people, but the ones that stick out compared to the taller older women and men, are the extremely small children looking around the age of four. The smallest girl barley has hair, and is very short in size so looks around the smallest. There is also a little boy in the front standing on a single strip of wood balancing him about a small whole. This is very unsafe for that boy. There is clams covering the floor, and every worked are using their bare hands to do the job. This is extremely unsanitary, the men and women don't look clean or cleansy at all they're wearing torn clothes, and are working in a beat town room with little or no light.
Photograph H:
In this photo there about 7 children going off to work at 6pm on a very cold day, it says in the caption they work here till 6am in the morning. When they come home they are drenced on the way home with cold hard rain with very little clothes on.
Wednesday, October 14, 2009
Progressivism Homework
1. President Roosevelt had picked William Howard Taft, his successor, to run for presidency.
2. Teddy Roosevelt began to oppose Taft for the presidency in 1912 because Taft hardly expanded Roosevelt's reform, and he was also upsetting not only the conservationists but the progressives also. Taft signed the Payne- Aldrich Tariff which angered progressives thinking he abandoned progressivism. Then later on he appointed Richard A. Ballinger as his secretary, a man who opposed conversationists.
3. I think the some of the events that helped Woodrow Wilson win the election was one, he was staying out of the heat between Taft and Roosevelt who developed a hatred for one another. Another is that Wilson had offered something called "The New Freedom." It demanded strong antitrust legislation, banking reform, and reduced tariffs, this is something the people greatly favored.
4.To attack trusts and monopolies Wilson to give more freedom to average citizens, Wilson used the Clayton Antitrust Act, and the Federal Trade Commission. The Clayton Antitrust Act stopped corporations from acquiring the stock of another. (This would create a monopoly, therefor this was how he was attacking the monopolies.) Also under this act, strikes and boycotting became legal and injunctions against strikers became illegal. The Federal Trade Commission had the power to investigate possible violations of regulatory statutes, to require periodic reports from corporations, and to put an end to unfair business practices.
5. The Nineteenth Amendment granted women the right to vote.
6. America's entry into World War I distracted many Americans since this war demanded America's involvement. Their legislators allowed the push for reform to take a stop. Therefor the progressive era had come to an end.
2. Teddy Roosevelt began to oppose Taft for the presidency in 1912 because Taft hardly expanded Roosevelt's reform, and he was also upsetting not only the conservationists but the progressives also. Taft signed the Payne- Aldrich Tariff which angered progressives thinking he abandoned progressivism. Then later on he appointed Richard A. Ballinger as his secretary, a man who opposed conversationists.
3. I think the some of the events that helped Woodrow Wilson win the election was one, he was staying out of the heat between Taft and Roosevelt who developed a hatred for one another. Another is that Wilson had offered something called "The New Freedom." It demanded strong antitrust legislation, banking reform, and reduced tariffs, this is something the people greatly favored.
4.To attack trusts and monopolies Wilson to give more freedom to average citizens, Wilson used the Clayton Antitrust Act, and the Federal Trade Commission. The Clayton Antitrust Act stopped corporations from acquiring the stock of another. (This would create a monopoly, therefor this was how he was attacking the monopolies.) Also under this act, strikes and boycotting became legal and injunctions against strikers became illegal. The Federal Trade Commission had the power to investigate possible violations of regulatory statutes, to require periodic reports from corporations, and to put an end to unfair business practices.
5. The Nineteenth Amendment granted women the right to vote.
6. America's entry into World War I distracted many Americans since this war demanded America's involvement. Their legislators allowed the push for reform to take a stop. Therefor the progressive era had come to an end.
Thursday, October 8, 2009
TR's Square Deal
1.President Roosevelt created the modern presidency by his leadership and publicity campaigns.
2.Roosevelt's intervention in a coal strike set a precedent for federal arbitration by threatening to take over mines.
3. Roosevelt prohibited wealthy railroad owners from colluding, and he also passed the Elkins Act. This act made it illegal for railroad officials to give, and shippers to receive rebates for using particular railroads. He overall limited the distribution of free railroad passes, and gave the ICC power to set maximum railroad rates.
4.The Meat Inspection act passed during Roosevelt's presidency, that was made to protect the health of citizens. This act demanded strict cleanliness for meat packers and created the program for federal meat inspection. The Pure food and Drug Act also passed, which stopped the sales of contaminated foods and medicines.
5.To protect the environment Roosevelt set aside 1.5 million acres of water-power sites and another 80 million acres of land that experts of the Geological Survey would explore for water and mineral resources. In conclusion Roosevelt established more than 50 wildlife sanctuaries and several national parks.
2.Roosevelt's intervention in a coal strike set a precedent for federal arbitration by threatening to take over mines.
3. Roosevelt prohibited wealthy railroad owners from colluding, and he also passed the Elkins Act. This act made it illegal for railroad officials to give, and shippers to receive rebates for using particular railroads. He overall limited the distribution of free railroad passes, and gave the ICC power to set maximum railroad rates.
4.The Meat Inspection act passed during Roosevelt's presidency, that was made to protect the health of citizens. This act demanded strict cleanliness for meat packers and created the program for federal meat inspection. The Pure food and Drug Act also passed, which stopped the sales of contaminated foods and medicines.
5.To protect the environment Roosevelt set aside 1.5 million acres of water-power sites and another 80 million acres of land that experts of the Geological Survey would explore for water and mineral resources. In conclusion Roosevelt established more than 50 wildlife sanctuaries and several national parks.
Sunday, October 4, 2009
Urbanization
1. What is Urbanization?
Urbanization is the growth of cities.
2. For what reasons did a number of Americans move from the country to the cities?
After the huge technology outburst in the 19th century, many laborers were not needed in jobs because machines, who worked much more efficiently and faster, could now take over their jobs. They weren't needed so most laborers moved to cities. A number of Americans decided to move from the countries to the cities because cities were the most cheapest and most convenient places for immigrants to live; offering unskilled workers jobs in mills and factories.
3. What were the housing problems that many poor city dwellers faced?
Poor city dwellers didn't have any money to afford a roomy apartment for their family. They had to live in a single blocked room, with little or no furniture, and the rooms were often musky, dirty, and not one bit sanitary. The rooms were about the size of a walk in closet now a days. But this is all that they could afford. These "homes" were knows as tenements, meaning overcrowded and unsanitary.
Urbanization is the growth of cities.
2. For what reasons did a number of Americans move from the country to the cities?
After the huge technology outburst in the 19th century, many laborers were not needed in jobs because machines, who worked much more efficiently and faster, could now take over their jobs. They weren't needed so most laborers moved to cities. A number of Americans decided to move from the countries to the cities because cities were the most cheapest and most convenient places for immigrants to live; offering unskilled workers jobs in mills and factories.
3. What were the housing problems that many poor city dwellers faced?
Poor city dwellers didn't have any money to afford a roomy apartment for their family. They had to live in a single blocked room, with little or no furniture, and the rooms were often musky, dirty, and not one bit sanitary. The rooms were about the size of a walk in closet now a days. But this is all that they could afford. These "homes" were knows as tenements, meaning overcrowded and unsanitary.
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Immigration
1. Describe the causes of the immigration of Southern and Eastern Europeans, Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese to America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
The causes of the immigration of Southern and Eastern Europeans, Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese to America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was:
-wanted to escape difficult conditions (ex. famine, land shortages)
-to earn money then return back to their homelands (birds of passage)
-overall to have a better life
-Europeans left to escape religious persecution and wanted independent lives.
-Chinese and Japanese wanted to make more money after the discovery of gold also now Hawaii was able to recruit Japanese
-West indians immigrated to find work and flee from political turmoil.
2. Describe the journey immigrants endured and their experiences at United States immigration stations.
The journey for immigrants was long and arduous to the United States. To save money, many traveled on the cheapest steam ships possible. But because of this, it was extremely hard to breath, had to sleep in louse infected bunks, and share toilets with many others. All of these awful conditions led to diseases spreading quickly throughout the ships, and sadly many immigrants died before they even made their destination. They had to go through these conditions for a week- three weeks.
The causes of the immigration of Southern and Eastern Europeans, Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese to America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was:
-wanted to escape difficult conditions (ex. famine, land shortages)
-to earn money then return back to their homelands (birds of passage)
-overall to have a better life
-Europeans left to escape religious persecution and wanted independent lives.
-Chinese and Japanese wanted to make more money after the discovery of gold also now Hawaii was able to recruit Japanese
-West indians immigrated to find work and flee from political turmoil.
2. Describe the journey immigrants endured and their experiences at United States immigration stations.
The journey for immigrants was long and arduous to the United States. To save money, many traveled on the cheapest steam ships possible. But because of this, it was extremely hard to breath, had to sleep in louse infected bunks, and share toilets with many others. All of these awful conditions led to diseases spreading quickly throughout the ships, and sadly many immigrants died before they even made their destination. They had to go through these conditions for a week- three weeks.
Sunday, September 20, 2009
Labor Unions & Big Business
The Knights of Labor:
a. Identification- Labor organization founded in 1860 by Philadelphia garment cutters. Had a total of 730,000 members of all races, gender, and skilled/unskilled workers. Believed they could get rid out all conflict by creating a society where all workers worked for themselves. Their goal was, "Every man his own employer".
b. Significance- Was one of the only labor organizations to survive the depression of the awful working conditions, and created the largest labor demonstration on May 1st, 1886.
The Haymarket riot:
a. Identification- Took place in downtown Chicago, where labor unions rallied to strike about police brutality. (because on May 1st police killed two unionists and wounded several others trying to break up a fight between a group of unionists and non unionists.) Police marched in but were quickly killed because the unionists had set off a bomb killing seven police officers, and injuring sixty seven. The result was the arresting of anarchists and unionists.
b. Significance- The riot drew even more attention to the growing fury of the labor workers and their poor treatment, and the middle classes fear of radicalism.
The American Federation of Labor:
a. Identification- Emerged from the 1886 violent change as the major workers' organization. Had about 140,000 (mostly skilled native born workers) members led by Samuel Gompers. Prefered only skilled workers unlike the AFL. But later grew to 2.5 million by 1917. Their main goals were to create higher wages, shorts hours, and the right to bargain collectively.
b. Significance- Had even more members than the Knights of labor, and was the largest labor organization in the country.
Samuel Gompers:
a. Identification-Immigrant who lead the Cigars Markers' Union, and the AFL.
b. Significance- Led the largest labor organization in the country.
The Homestead strike:
a. Identification- Occurred on July 1892 in Pennsylvania. The Amalgamated Association of Iron and steelworkers refused to accept pay cuts, reacted violently, and went on a strike against their plant. Angry workers attacked guards that were guarding the closed down plant, but soon gave up after 5 months.
b. Significance- Made the publics opinion turn against the strikers because of a young anarchist attempt to kill Henry C. Frick the president of the Carnegie Steel Company.
The Pullman strike:
a. Identification- In 1894, workers at the Pullman Palace Car Company protested against exploitative policies (company owned and controlled ALL land and building). The workers were extremely furious on account of Pullman would not negotiate with them, and cut their wages 25- 40 percent. The workers sent a committee to Pullman protesting his policies and he reacted by firing 3 of these people and closing down the plant. The workers, being led by Eugene V. Debs, refused to handle all Pullman cars and defied the courts injunction to prevent the union from "obstructing the railways and holding up the mails."
b. Significance- The Pullman Strike made it clear that the government had not been supporting unionists, and were favoring the businesses because more businesses only made their country stronger.
Eugene V. Debs:
a. Identification- Led the workers that protested against Pullman.
b. Significance- Defied the court, and was sentenced to six months in prison. And created the grounds that the federal government had the power to remove obstacles to interstate commerce.
the Industrial Workers of the World:
a. Identification- A new labor organization formed in 1905. Unlike the AFl, and like the Knights of Labor, this organization included all unskilled and skilled workers. Its mottos was, "An injury to one is an injury to all" And its goal was, "One big Union"
b. Significance- Went beyond the goals of the Knights of Labors, and created its own acts of violence and sabotage.
a. Identification- Labor organization founded in 1860 by Philadelphia garment cutters. Had a total of 730,000 members of all races, gender, and skilled/unskilled workers. Believed they could get rid out all conflict by creating a society where all workers worked for themselves. Their goal was, "Every man his own employer".
b. Significance- Was one of the only labor organizations to survive the depression of the awful working conditions, and created the largest labor demonstration on May 1st, 1886.
The Haymarket riot:
a. Identification- Took place in downtown Chicago, where labor unions rallied to strike about police brutality. (because on May 1st police killed two unionists and wounded several others trying to break up a fight between a group of unionists and non unionists.) Police marched in but were quickly killed because the unionists had set off a bomb killing seven police officers, and injuring sixty seven. The result was the arresting of anarchists and unionists.
b. Significance- The riot drew even more attention to the growing fury of the labor workers and their poor treatment, and the middle classes fear of radicalism.
The American Federation of Labor:
a. Identification- Emerged from the 1886 violent change as the major workers' organization. Had about 140,000 (mostly skilled native born workers) members led by Samuel Gompers. Prefered only skilled workers unlike the AFL. But later grew to 2.5 million by 1917. Their main goals were to create higher wages, shorts hours, and the right to bargain collectively.
b. Significance- Had even more members than the Knights of labor, and was the largest labor organization in the country.
Samuel Gompers:
a. Identification-Immigrant who lead the Cigars Markers' Union, and the AFL.
b. Significance- Led the largest labor organization in the country.
The Homestead strike:
a. Identification- Occurred on July 1892 in Pennsylvania. The Amalgamated Association of Iron and steelworkers refused to accept pay cuts, reacted violently, and went on a strike against their plant. Angry workers attacked guards that were guarding the closed down plant, but soon gave up after 5 months.
b. Significance- Made the publics opinion turn against the strikers because of a young anarchist attempt to kill Henry C. Frick the president of the Carnegie Steel Company.
The Pullman strike:
a. Identification- In 1894, workers at the Pullman Palace Car Company protested against exploitative policies (company owned and controlled ALL land and building). The workers were extremely furious on account of Pullman would not negotiate with them, and cut their wages 25- 40 percent. The workers sent a committee to Pullman protesting his policies and he reacted by firing 3 of these people and closing down the plant. The workers, being led by Eugene V. Debs, refused to handle all Pullman cars and defied the courts injunction to prevent the union from "obstructing the railways and holding up the mails."
b. Significance- The Pullman Strike made it clear that the government had not been supporting unionists, and were favoring the businesses because more businesses only made their country stronger.
Eugene V. Debs:
a. Identification- Led the workers that protested against Pullman.
b. Significance- Defied the court, and was sentenced to six months in prison. And created the grounds that the federal government had the power to remove obstacles to interstate commerce.
the Industrial Workers of the World:
a. Identification- A new labor organization formed in 1905. Unlike the AFl, and like the Knights of Labor, this organization included all unskilled and skilled workers. Its mottos was, "An injury to one is an injury to all" And its goal was, "One big Union"
b. Significance- Went beyond the goals of the Knights of Labors, and created its own acts of violence and sabotage.
Tuesday, September 15, 2009
14-3 Important Terms and their Significance
Andrew Carnegie: Private secretary to the local superintendent of the Pennsylvania railroad. He was one of the first americans to go from so little to so much more, being born very poor then making a fortune for himself. Also his company produced the largest portion of the nations steel.
Social Darwinism: A book that stated the marketplace should not be regulated. It was made to teach people how to become sucessful. It was had stated that the poor are only poor because they're "lazy" and deserved this.
John D. Rockefeller: Created the Standard Oil Company. His oil companies controlled 90 percent of the refining business, made 2-3 percent of the country's oil, and ran the marker by rising the prices up to a huge amount. The people referred to him and his company as "robber barons"
Sherman Antitrust Act: Made it legal to form a trust that interfered with the free trade between states or other countries. The companies would not give up, so eventually the government gave up with this act.
Samuel Gompers: Led the Cigar Markers' International Union, and was the president of the AFL to end the horrible working environment they had been working in.
American Federation of Labor (AFL): Focused on collective bargaining, to reach written agreements on wages, hours, and working conditions. Because of the AFL, from 1890-1915 the average weekly wages rose from $17.50 - $24. Along with the average workweek falling from 54.5 hours to under 49 hours. Both of these were a huge accomplishment for the people.
Eugene V. Debs: Trying to create a "special industry" for the unskilled and skilled workers. This only added to the strive of the union organizing.
Industrial Workers of the World: Included miners, lumbers, cannery, and dock workers.
Mary Harris Jones: Supported the great strike of 1877, also organized the United Mine Workers of America. Very concerned of the child labor conditions, she bravely led 80 million children on the march to the home of President Roosevelt. This influenced the child labor laws.
Social Darwinism: A book that stated the marketplace should not be regulated. It was made to teach people how to become sucessful. It was had stated that the poor are only poor because they're "lazy" and deserved this.
John D. Rockefeller: Created the Standard Oil Company. His oil companies controlled 90 percent of the refining business, made 2-3 percent of the country's oil, and ran the marker by rising the prices up to a huge amount. The people referred to him and his company as "robber barons"
Sherman Antitrust Act: Made it legal to form a trust that interfered with the free trade between states or other countries. The companies would not give up, so eventually the government gave up with this act.
Samuel Gompers: Led the Cigar Markers' International Union, and was the president of the AFL to end the horrible working environment they had been working in.
American Federation of Labor (AFL): Focused on collective bargaining, to reach written agreements on wages, hours, and working conditions. Because of the AFL, from 1890-1915 the average weekly wages rose from $17.50 - $24. Along with the average workweek falling from 54.5 hours to under 49 hours. Both of these were a huge accomplishment for the people.
Eugene V. Debs: Trying to create a "special industry" for the unskilled and skilled workers. This only added to the strive of the union organizing.
Industrial Workers of the World: Included miners, lumbers, cannery, and dock workers.
Mary Harris Jones: Supported the great strike of 1877, also organized the United Mine Workers of America. Very concerned of the child labor conditions, she bravely led 80 million children on the march to the home of President Roosevelt. This influenced the child labor laws.
Monday, September 14, 2009
Railroad Development
The federal government gave land and made loans to the railroad companies. Why was the government so eager to promote the growth of railroads?
The government was so eager to promote the growth of railroads because they wanted more than anything to settle the West to develop the country, and railroads made it possible for this. While the railroads kept increasing so did the industries and business (iron, coal, glass, steal, and lumber industries) because the railroads demanded these resources to be built. The railroads had also linked previous isolated cities, towns, and settlements. The rapid grown of these railroads helped make new markets, and the growth of towns which is exactly what the government wanted.
The government was so eager to promote the growth of railroads because they wanted more than anything to settle the West to develop the country, and railroads made it possible for this. While the railroads kept increasing so did the industries and business (iron, coal, glass, steal, and lumber industries) because the railroads demanded these resources to be built. The railroads had also linked previous isolated cities, towns, and settlements. The rapid grown of these railroads helped make new markets, and the growth of towns which is exactly what the government wanted.
Sunday, September 13, 2009
Expansion of Industry
What were the three major factors that contributed to the immense technological boom that took place in the United States after the Civil War? Explain how two of these factors helped to bring about this technological boom.
The three major factors that contributed to the immense technological boom that took place in the U.S after the Civil War was, a wealth of natural resources, government support for business, and a growing population that provided both cheap labor and markets for new products. Oil was an extremely popular resource that was provided in the United States, but not the only one. Also found in the U.S was coal and iron. The finding of iron led to the Bessemer process, which led to open-hearth process. As time went on more and more people were using technology to manufacture new different things. The power of electricity also changed the business of America completely. Electricity now made everything easier, by powering machines and making everyones life styles easier with the use of light bulbs, type writers, ect. The expanding population also made it easier for these new inventions to be marketed.
The three major factors that contributed to the immense technological boom that took place in the U.S after the Civil War was, a wealth of natural resources, government support for business, and a growing population that provided both cheap labor and markets for new products. Oil was an extremely popular resource that was provided in the United States, but not the only one. Also found in the U.S was coal and iron. The finding of iron led to the Bessemer process, which led to open-hearth process. As time went on more and more people were using technology to manufacture new different things. The power of electricity also changed the business of America completely. Electricity now made everything easier, by powering machines and making everyones life styles easier with the use of light bulbs, type writers, ect. The expanding population also made it easier for these new inventions to be marketed.
Wednesday, September 9, 2009
Westward Expansion Questions
1. What are some of the main reasons that the federal government's policy of assimilation failed?
I think the federal government's policy of assimilation failed because it was almost impossible for such a different culture to just change their ways to an American life style from their own that they had grown up with and were accustomed to. The culture of white settlers strongly different from the culture of the Native Americans. For example the Native Americans believed that land couldn't be owned, white the white settlers strongly believed so. Also the attitudes towards Native Americans of the whites weren't very polite or accepting at all. The government had also made a treaty that stated the Great Plains land all belonged to the Native Americans. But then in 1850 they changed it causing the Native Americans to be furious. I really don't see how the government even thought that assimilation was an option.
2. How successful were government efforts to promote settlement of the Great Plains? Give examples to support your answer.
I think that the government had done a good job getting settlers to move into the Great Plains but it caused alot of farmers financial problems and settlers underwent droughts, floods, fires, blizzards, and plaids. But despite these unknown problems, in 1889 Oklahoma, which provided much land, attracted thousands of people after the government had strengthened the Homestead Act. As time went on settlers kept filling in the Western land.
I think the federal government's policy of assimilation failed because it was almost impossible for such a different culture to just change their ways to an American life style from their own that they had grown up with and were accustomed to. The culture of white settlers strongly different from the culture of the Native Americans. For example the Native Americans believed that land couldn't be owned, white the white settlers strongly believed so. Also the attitudes towards Native Americans of the whites weren't very polite or accepting at all. The government had also made a treaty that stated the Great Plains land all belonged to the Native Americans. But then in 1850 they changed it causing the Native Americans to be furious. I really don't see how the government even thought that assimilation was an option.
2. How successful were government efforts to promote settlement of the Great Plains? Give examples to support your answer.
I think that the government had done a good job getting settlers to move into the Great Plains but it caused alot of farmers financial problems and settlers underwent droughts, floods, fires, blizzards, and plaids. But despite these unknown problems, in 1889 Oklahoma, which provided much land, attracted thousands of people after the government had strengthened the Homestead Act. As time went on settlers kept filling in the Western land.
Friday, September 4, 2009
Iraq Q & A
Directions: Read Part I (Pages 1 - 12) and answer the short answer and extended response questions below. Then, read Part II (Pages 13 - 29) and answer the questions that follow. All answers are due either on your blog (label the post Iraq) or you can submit them in writing on Tuesday. (NOTE: There are two graphic organizers at the end of the readings to help you organize your information for Part II.)
Part I Questions:
Short Response
1. Where do most Kurds, Shi'a, and Sunnis live in Iraq?
Kurds: In mountainous regions of Iraq - Kurdistan, which covers sections of Iran, Syria, Turkey, and Iraq.
Shi'a: In the South
Sunnis: In less oil-rich areas
2. Which ethnic group(s) hold(s) power over the majority of oil reserves in Iraq?
The South and North holds the power over the majority of oil reserves in Iraq. The ethnic groups that do are Shi'a and Kurds.
3. What is the main reason Britain become involved in Iraq?
The main reason Britian became involved in Iraq is because both Britian and France had no oil feilds of their own so after the end of Ottoman Empire they saw the opportunity to benefit themselves and gian control of the region to obtain their own oil feilds.
4. What did pan-Arabists advocate after World War II?
Pan-Arabists advocated independence for the whole Middle East and wanted the Iraqi government to break off relationships with Britian.
5. How was Saddam Hussein able to gain power and popularity in the 1970s?
Saddam Hussein was able to gain power and popularity in the 1970's because the great increase of oil prices enabled him with the money to fund universal free eduactionm create a well-developed public health care system, and reform the agricultural system.
6. Why did the United States become involved in the Iran-Iraq War?
The United States became involved in the Iran-Iraq War because they did not want an Iran victory so they helped out Iraq, especially when Iran attacked Kuwaiti oil tankers in the Persian Gulfs. Also the U.S benefited itself by secretely helping Iran to secure the freedom of U.S hostages held in Lebanon.
7. Why did President George H.W. Bush (1989-93) bring the ground portion of the First Persian Gulf War to a halt? List two reasons.
a. If Iraq controlled the Kuwaiti oil feilds, Suddam Hussein would uphold too much power, controlling one quarter of the worlds resources.
b. Suddam Hussein growing to be a dictator.
Extended Response:
8. What are the different ethnic and religious groups in Iraq? Why is it important to understand these differences?
The different ethnic and religious groups in the Iraq were the Kurds, Sunni's and Shi'a (both brances of Islam), Arabians, Muslims, and a small minority of Christians and Jews. It is important to understand these differents of religous groups to get a better idea of why the violence in Iraq began with Saddam Hussein aiming to create a non religious based government and how difficult it was for the United States to make decisions.
Part II Questions:
Short Response
9. What dangers did President George W. Bush (2001-09) say Iraq posed to the region and the world? Name two.
a. The Iraq's alleged weapons program
b. Sponsorship of terrorism
10. What were the U.S. government's declared goals in sending troops to Iraq?
a. Remove Saddam Hussein from power.
b. Uncover WMD.
11. List two reasons violence continues in Iraq.
a. Illegal weapon dealers work throughout the country to sell arms that are smuggled over the borders from Iran and Syria. And many Iraqi's are angry that the U.S continue to stay.
b. People are taking advantage of Iraq's insecurity to take part in violence to make money for themselves.
Extended Response:
12. Describe the different groups involved in the ongoing conflict in Iraq. What are their goals? (Reasons for fighting)
Shi'a: Oppose the U.S led occupation. They are also in conflict with major Shi'i militia over political and economic control of specific regions in southern Iraq.
Sunni: Believes that the Shi'a are trying to take complete control of Iraq and blame the United States for this. They are also worried that they are going to be shut out from the government.
Kurd: Want self determination for Kurdistan. Have been fighting for autonomy for decades.
Al Qaeda: Aims to develop sectarian violence in order to overthrow the Iraqi government. Some members even want to create a caliphate (one Islamic state that would cause countries across the region)
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