Sunday, February 28, 2010

"Isolationism" and FDR (1935 - 1941)

1. What were the goals of the isolationists? Why is "isolationism" a misleading term?
The goals of the isolationists were to stay our of the war, keeping the peace, and staying neutral by not taking any sides. Isolationism is a misleading term because the term implies that the United States wants to isolate itself completely from other nations but that was not the case. Most supporters of isolationism favored international trade and a certain bilateral agreements in the 1930's. Most also respected the international laws that had been put up in place since WW1.

2. What did some isolationists feel that there was no need for Americans to feel threatened by developments in Europe and Asia?
Most isolationists felt that there was no need for americans to feel threatened by developments in Europe and Asia because the vast pacific and atlantic oceans insulated the country from troubles in those regions, and the United States had formed friendly alliances with all the other nations in the Western hemisphere.

3. What were the purposes of the Nye Committee hearings?
The purposes of the Nye Committee hearings was to investigate the reasons why the United States had entered WW1, uncover these reasons to make the public aware, and to make the sure the United States would stay out of the brewing troubles.

4. List two impressions that the Nye Committee hearings created.
First, they created the impression that American soldiers had died in WW1 because corporations looking to turn a profit had convinced President Wilson in 1917 to go to war. Secondly, they created the impression that it made Americans believe that big business again would drag them into another war.

5. What were the purposes of the Neutrality Acts?
The purposes of the Neutrality Acts were to:
-keep america from choosing sides in the war
-bring the armament industry under the control of the government
-prohibit the shipping of arms and weapons to nations at war
-make it so no americans on warring country's ships or american ships in the war

6. List two reasons that some Americans considered Roosevelt's leadership radical and dangerous.
One reason that some Americans considered Roosevelt's leadership radical and dangerous is that he tried to pack the supreme court with leaders favoring his own opinion that made him look more as a dictator. Another reason, is that FDR attempted to become president a third term which therefore convinced people that he was becoming too powerful and therefore dangerous.

7. What was "Cash and Carry"?
"Cash and Carry" was the main thrust of the new act, passed in November of 1939. This new neutrality act allowed the United States to continue trading with belligerents, but required that the warring nations pay cash for what they wanted and that they carry the goods themselves.

8. Why did President Roosevelt freeze Japanese assets in the United States?
President Roosevelt freezed Japanese assets in the United States because he believed that Japan was moving too aggressively and after Japan took control of northern French Indochina FDR could not take it anymore and thought action needed to be taken.

9. What was the purpose of the America First Committee?
The purpose of the American first committee was to devote itself to keeping the Untied States out of war.

Monday, February 22, 2010

World Events Set Stage for Isolationism

1. What was the Japanese reaction to the Treaty of Versailles?
The reaction was different for the Japanese. Some believed that their country should
engage the great powers and support the international systems. Others on the other hand, believed that the great powers, particularly Britain, France, and the U.S. would never treat Japan fairly and with respect. In Japan, some often worried that the proposed League of Nations would be used to keep Japan as a second-tier power.

2. Read the pull-out box on page 4 entitled, "Japan Becomes a Great Power." Cite specific evidence Japan was becoming a strong power that rivaled European & American interests. And, why specifically was Japan threatened by U.S. actions?
Japan was becoming a strong power that rivaled European and American interests. An example of Japan's rapid increasing power would be how between 1885 and 1920 its gross domestic product, or all of the goods produced by Japan, increased threefold. Manufacturing and mining increased six-fold. Also, in 1905 Japan defeated Russia in the Russo- Japanese War and gained access to Manchuria. Japan was also interested in expanding into China. But other powers, such as Britain and the United States saw Japaneses interests in conflict with their own designs.

3. Why was the Washington Naval Conference convened and what was accomplished?
The Washington Naval Conference came together because Japan's growth as a naval power in the Pacific threatened U.S. interests. Participants in the conference aimed at limiting a naval arms race and to discuss issues related to nations of the Pacific ocean and the Far East. It's accomplishments were the limitation of the sizes of naval ships, the placing of a moratorium on building new battle ships, the outlaw of the use of poison gases, and the limitation of the role of submarines in future wars.

4. The Senate's willingness to ratify the Kellogg-Briand Pact relected two strong and widely held sentiments. What were they?
First, the United States was entitled to act in self-defense militarily and second, that it was not required to enforce the treaty by taking military action against those who violated it.

5. Why did Hitler enjoy popular support in Germany for most of the 1930s? Give three reasons.
Because he improved the economic situation, reduced unemployment, and restored national pride for Germans still humiliated by the defeat in WWI and by how poor they became.

6. Japan voiced its intentions to invade China for what two reasons?
One, for obtaining raw materials, and two to increase Japan's power.

7. Compare the Reichstag fire and the explosion on the Japanese railway in Manchuria. What did they accompllish?
The Reichstag fire was blamed on German communists who Hitler claimed were trying to overthrow the government by inciting civil war. As for accomplishment for Hitler, Hitler used the fire as an excuse to suspend the freedoms garaunteed by the German constitution, including the right of speech, press, and assembly. The explosion on the Japanese railway in Manchuria was blamed on Chinese dissidents by the Japanese. These two explosions/fires are similar because historians today argue that Japanese bombed their own railways so that they could blame the Chinese and use it as an excuse to invade them. Historians had also believed that the Nazi's themselves had started the fire in Reichstag.

8. Why was the united States unable to oppose Japan in the early 1930s with a significant military force?
The United States was unable to oppose Japan in the early 1930's with a significant military force because their army became the most powerful bureaucratic institution in the government, and became more influential in the decision-making. By the late 1930's japan had become a militarized state intent on expanding into China and beyond.

9. Describe the major similarities and differences among liberal democracy, fascism, and socialism.
Fascism is an authoritarian form of government that emerged in Italy and then was later adopted by the Nazi Party in Germany. Fascism puts the economy under government control, and emphasizes the control of state over the individual. Socialism hoped to create a classless society that would end the exploitation of the workers. Both socialist and fascist leaders saw their systems as the wave of the future and therefore as a challenge to liberal democracies of Europe and the united states. Liberal democracies have a constitution, with elective representatives whose decision-making is regulated by a rule of law that emphasizes the rights and freedoms of individuals. Liberal Democracies are very different from fascism because it cares more about the rights of the people, and the power of the people before the government.

Friday, February 5, 2010

New Deal Essay

How, and with what success, did the United States government try to solve the problems caused by the Great Depression?


Paragraph #1: (Thesis)
The United States tried to solve the problems caused by the Great Depression by creating acts aiming at relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform. These attempts were moderately successful in solving the problems caused by the Great Depression. Though they did have some success in relief, reform and recovery, there were other problems that occurred after for example, unemployment, unfair taxes on the wealthy, the constant battle between big business and labor, and FDR being seen as a dictator.

Paragraph #2: (How -economic reform)
-FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
-Securities Exchange Commission
-how it helped --> how it effected Americans

Paragraph #3: (How- financial reform)
-Emergency Banking Act
-how it helped--> how it effected Americans

Paragraph #4: (How- relief for the needy)
-Federal Emergency Relief Administration
-how it helped--> how it effected Americans

Paragraph #5: (Opposition- Unemployment)
-FDR laid off many workers who had been employed by the New Deal's own organisations and the cut in spending triggered other cuts throughout the economy.
-When Roosevelt cut the New Deal budget in 1937, the country went back into recession.
-6 million unemployed in 1941.

Paragraph #6: (Opposition- FDR as dictator)
-packing supreme court
-lost many supporters of him

Paragraph 7: (Opposition- Big Business v. Labor)
-caused violence
-big business remained immensely powerful in the USA despite being challenged by the government.
-big business companies controlled local police forces.

Paragraph #8: (Opposition- unfair taxes on the wealthy)
-FDR making taxes on the wealthy
-wealthy complain that this is not fair that they get treated differently because they worked hard for their money

Paragraph#9: Conclusion.

Sunday, January 31, 2010

FDR & the New Deal

1. Describe how people struggled to survive during the depression.
Many people lost their jobs, were evicted from their homes, and ended up stranded on the streets. Some people slept with newspapers wrapped around them for warmth, others built makeshift shafts out of scrap materials. Shanty Towns were covered around cities, little towns consisting of shacks. Everyday people would dig through garbage cans, or beg people on the streets for money. Soup kitchens offered free or low costed foods, and bread lines became a common sight.

2. How was what happened to men during the Great Depression different from what happened to women? Children?
Men were much more effected from the Great Depression. Their usual role was to work and support the families so they had a harder time dealing with unemployment. Some men became so discouraged that they stopped trying, some even simply abandoned their families. Women on the other hand worked harder to support their families during the great depression. Many women canned foods and sewed clothes, they also carefully managed household budgets. Many Americans also assumed that women had an easier time during the great depression than men did because few were seen begging on the streets, but they were only too ashamed to be seen. For children, poor diets and lack of money for health care led to serious health problems. Fallen tax revenues also caused school boards to shorten the year, many schools even shut down. So instead these children turned to labor. Teenagers tried to find ways to get out of suffering. Many teenagers hopped aboard freight trains in search of work, adventure, and overall an escape from poverty.

3. Describe the causes and effects (on people) because of the Dust Bowl.
Thousands of farmers and sharecroppers left their land behind. Thousands migrated to California and other Pacific coats states. But many people lost their will to survive. Other made sacrifices that affected their lives forever. Adults stopped going to the doctors, and the dentists because they couldn't afford it. Young people gave up their dreams of going to college. Others put off marriage, having children, or having children at all. But besides that during the Great Depression many people showed kindness to strangers who were down on their luck. People often gave out food, clothes, and a place to stay for the needy.

Objective: Summarize the initial steps Franklin D. Roosevelt took to reform banking and finance.

4. What was the New Deal and its three general goals? (The 3 Rs)
The New Deal was a program designed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to alleviate the problems of the Great Depression. Its general three goals were, find relief for the needy, form economic recovery, and form financial reform.

5. What did Roosevelt do during the Hundred Days?
During the hundred days Roosevelt and his administration launched a period of intense activity. Congressed passed more than 15 major pieces of New Deal legislation. These laws, and others that followed, expanded the federal governments role in the nations economy.

6. Why were Roosevelt's fireside chats significant?
Roosevelt's fireside chats were significant because it made Americans feel as if the President was talking directly to them. It led many Americans to trust their President and to have hope that he knows how to fix the problem.

7. Describe four significant agencies and/or bills that tightened regulation of banking and finance.
1.) Glass-Steagall Act: established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation which provided federal insurance for individual bank accounts up to $5000. Reassuring millions of bank customers that their money was safe.

2.) Federal Securities Act: required corporations to provide complete information on all stock offerings and made them liable to any misrepresentatives.

3.) Securities and Exchange Commission: regulated stock market. also prevented people with inside information about companies from rigging the stock market for their own profit.

4.) 21st Amendment: repealed prohibition all together which raised governments revenue.

Wednesday, January 27, 2010

Causes of the Great Depression Outline

Thesis: The Wall Street Crash was not a major cause of the Great Depression of 1929. The major causes of the Depression would be the failing of industries, and the crisis in the farm sector.

I. Main Point 1: Industries
a. major business lost money
b. caused homes to crash
c. people were homeless, jobless, and in debt.

II. Main Point 2: Crisis in the Farm Sector
a. demand for crops soared
b. farmers boosted production in the hopes of selling more crops
c. between 1919 and 1921 annual farm income had declined
d. farmers went into debt
e. this caused banks to fail, which put poeple in debt for losing their money in banks, which caused people to lose their jobs, etc.

Conclusion: Both the Crisis in the farm sector and the failure of Industries were the major causes to the Depression, and were also major parts to creating the Wall Street Crash that topped off the whole Depression.

Sunday, January 24, 2010

Causes & Early Effects of the Great Depression

1. What happened on "Black Tuesday"?
Black Tuesday was the day that the stock market crashed and 16.4 million shares were sold.

2. How did the economic trends of the 1920s in industry, agriculture, and with consumers help cause the Great Depression? (Make sure you include significant details about each area in your answer. It should be at least a paragraph)
Industry businesses weren't making any profit. Key basic industries such as railroads, textiles, and steel were barely making any profit. Mining and lumbering were in high demand also. After the high demand for crops during World War One farmers had too much crops and too much land producing food, causing them to be unable to pay their taxes and loans. As farmers incomes fell, they bought fewer goods and services. Because of this consumers were buying less, because of the rising prices and stagnant wages.

3. According to your reading, what are the major causes of the Great Depression?
The major causes of the Great Depression, the stock market crash, farming debt, the uneven distribute of income, living on credit, the failure, and the fact that key basic industries couldn't make any profit.

4. What was Hoover’s philosophy of government?
Hoover's philosophy of government was that one of the governments chief functions was to foster cooperation between competing groups and interest in society. This cooperation he said must be voluntarily rather than forced. Overall the governments general role was to encourage and facilitate cooperation, not to control it.

5. What was Hoover’s initial reaction to the stock market crash of 1929?
Hoover took a cautious approach to the depression after hearing about the stock market crash of 1929. Hoover called together key leaders in the feilds of business, banking and labor. His approach though really didn't make a difference.

6. What was the nation’s economic situation in 1930?
In 1930 the nations economic situation was worse.

7. How did voters in 1930 respond to this situation?
Voters in the 1930's responded to this worsened situation by turning against Hoover, blaming him for the increased problem.

8. What did Hoover do about the economic situation?
Hoover continued to hold onto his principles. He still refused to support direct relief or other forms of federal warfare. But then Hoover begins to back cooperatives. For example he backed the creation of the federal Farm Board, and tried to prop up the Banking System.

9. How did the economy respond to his efforts?
The economy was noticing that President Hoover was not helping anyone. The Reconstruction Finance Corporations lended out over 800 million dollars but businesses still continued to fail.

Thursday, January 7, 2010

The Twenties Woman

1. Note two ways women's fashions changed.
Replacing the dark and ankle- length dresses, whalebone corsets, and petticoats were the flashy bright waistless dresses about an inch above the knee, sleek pumps, and strings of bead.

2. Note two ways women's social behavior changed.
Many women became more assertive, and their behavior resembled one of a man at this time. They began to smoke cigarettes, drinking in public, and talking openly about sex. The second change is their opinion and views on marriage. They now saw it as more of an equal partnership.

3. Note two words that describe the attitude reflected by these changes.
Two words that describe their attitudes would be assertive and rebellious.

4. Note one way women's work opportunities improved.
New opportunities were open for women in offices, factories, stores, and professions. By 1930 ten million women were earning wages, and many women turned to professions.

5. Note two ways women's home and family life improved.
One, the birthrate declined for several decades and dropped at an even faster rte. Two, social and technological innovations simplified household labor and family life. Stores had ready made clothes, sliced bread, and canned foods which greatly improved home and family life.

6. Note three negative effects that accompanied women's changing roles in the 1920s.
-Though women's work opportunities improved, they did however earn less money did men did. Also men argued that womens real job was to be at home, in fear of competition of jobs.
-Women were now starting to realize how difficult it was to juggle a job and a family life at home. The strain of working-class women was severe.
-Many women struggled with rebellious adolescents who put a strain on their families.